Endodontic emergencies constitute a major part of dental emergencies, which is an unscheduled visit by the patient to the dental clinic. Flareups during endodontic treatment is an undesirable occurrence for both patient and clinician. This paper reviews the predisposing factors responsible for flare-ups, their management and prevention of flare-ups.

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"GUTTA-PERCHA" was first introduced as a restorative material and later developed into an indispensable endodontic filling material. It has become the "soul" of endodontics, in its development as a specialty. Many articles have dealt about the various techniques of usage of Gutta-percha, but the present article deals briefly with its history, sources, chemistry, commercial manufacture, its evolution and future in dentistry. This article is an attempt to present comprehensively about a material, which we use commonly, yet we know very little about it.

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The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of filling techniques and polymerization methods on coronal sealing ability of Surefil after endodontic treatment. Forty-four freshly extracted single rooted human teeth were taken. Following endodontic treatment, the standardized access cavities were restored with Surefil by bulk pack or incremental filling and polymerized either from occlusal direction or by transenamel polymerization. In half of the samples, coronal sealing ability was assessed by bacterial penetration, using Streptococcus sanguis as the microbial tracer and rest immersed in 2% methylene blue dye for leakage assessment. Both the tests depicted significant difference among all groups (p<0.05). Incremental filling technique demonstrated less dye and bacterial leakage as compared to bulk filling in occlusal polymerization group. There was no significant difference between occlusal and transenamel polymerization (p>0.05). Incremental filling technique in Surefil is advantageous over bulk pack technique and transenamel polymerization offers no benefit over occlusal polymerization in reducing dye and bacterial leakage.

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Aim: To evaluate accuracy of 5th generation electronic apex locator in location of apical constriction Methodology: This in vivo study was carried out in teeth with a single pulp space. 16 teeth were evaluated using the Neosono-copilot (Satelec) Electronic Apex Locator (EAL). The file length was then measured. Accuracy in constriction location was assessed with conventional radiography (CR) and radio-visio-graphy (RVG). The paralleling technique and grid were used for standardization. 5 freshly extracted teeth were evaluated in-vitro and served as a standard for comparison. Results: The test employed for statistical analyses was Wilcoxon Signed Ranks Test. RVG compared with EAL p = 0.388 (Not significant) EAL compared with CR p = 0.130 (Not significant) In majority of the cases the EAL reading was accurate or slightly short which is necessary for quality pulp space therapy. Conclusion: In the present in-vivo study the accuracy of electronic apex locator was found to be optimum. This method of pulp space length estimation is found to be of great importance in cases where radiation can pose health risks. However a combination of methods can increase the accuracy of apical constriction location.

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This classification helps in easy understanding and is self-explanatory. It includes all the currently existing flap designs, which is lacking in the previous classification. This classification has the advantage that any newer flap designs that can be introduced in future can be easily included in this classification. This article gives a brief overview on the evolution of flap designs also. It alsoassesses the advantages and shortcomings of the various flap designs

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It is indeed a very true saying that necessesity is the mother of all inventions. How true it is if we correlate this with the truly noble Medical & Dental fraternity. Researchers are working so hard as to provide humanity with the ultimate in dental care. This review article focuses on how to obtain a blood less field during "endodontic peri-radicular surgery" with special emphasis on the historical background and the latest in hemostyptic preparations.

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This study evaluated the apical sealing ability of root canals obturated with Thermafil and Obtura II heated gutta percha system in comparison with conventional cold lateral condensation by using Fluid filtration system. 55 extracted human mandibular first premolars were collected and these teeth were randomly divided into three groups of 15 specimens each. (Group I - Cold lateral condensation, Group II – Thermafil, Group III - Obtura II heated gutta percha system). Profile Ni-Ti instruments were standardized to perform biomechanical preparation in all the groups. Top seal, an epoxy based sealant was employed as the common sealant. The group I comprising of Cold lateral condensation leaked the most in comparison with the other test groups, which was followed by group III (Obtura II) with moderate leakage and group II (Thermafil) with least micro leakage.

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