(Preparation of root canal system is one of the most important procedures in endodontic treatment.There has been a constant quest for quicker, safer and more efficient method for cleaning and shaping of root canals. Use of automated Ni-Ti instruments was a logical development to improve the efficiency of the treatment. Separation of instruments while preparing root canals is something that has plagued all practitioners. Therefore, an evaluation of effect of speed and torque on the rotary Ni-Ti instruments is of value to the clinician. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the behavioural properties of Ni-Ti, importance of speed and torque and the necessity for its understanding for effective, safe and successful treatmenlt.)

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(Pain related to endodontic treatment can be annoying and perplexing problem to the patient and the dental surgeon. Though the pain may not indicate endodontic failure, relief of pain is more important to the patient than success or failure of the treatment. Prevention and management of pain is a crucial factor for the dental surgeon's success in his/her practice. In this article, some commonly overlooked and misdiagnosed factors will be described and methods to improve the success rate will be discussed.)

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(Allotransplantation can be employed as an alternate, innovative treatment option for correction of malposed teeth.This paper highlights the procedure of autotransplantation with two case reports. Post operative follow up in both the cases were uneventful with radiographic evidence of good bone healing and maintenance of the periodontal ligament space. Clinically the teeth were well stabilized without any pocket formation. The simplicity and reliability of the procedure has made autotransplantation a viable and often preferred treatment option over orthodontic and prosthodontic methods of correction of malposed teethT)

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(Sodium hypochlorite as an endodontic irrigant poses problems including toxicity, odour and discolouration of operatory items. An equally effective, but safer irrigant is desirable. Therefore the present study evaluated the antimicrobial efficacy of 2.0% Chlorhexidine gluconate. Forty single rooted non vital anterior teeth were randomly divided into 4 groups and irrigated with 2.5% Sodium hypochlorite alone, 2.5% Sodium hypochlorite and 0.2% Chlorhexidine gluconate combined within the root canal, 2.0% Chlorhexidine gluconate and 0.9% saline respectively. j Microbiological samples for culture were taken immediately after accessing f the canal and following irrigation with test solutions. The results of this study indicated that use of 2% Chlorhexidine gluconate resulted in the greatest percentage reduction of microbial flora. This reduction was significant compared to use of Sodium hypochlorite alone but not significant compared to the combined use of Sodium hypochlorite and 0.2% Chlorhexidine gluconate.

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