Morphologic variation in the roots is of great importance as the inability to recognise it could lead to failure in endodontic therapy or fracture of root during extraction. Extracted maxillary first molars (no. 1024) were examined to determine the frequency of morphologic variations. Of all the teeth examined, one tooth had four roots and two were taurodont.

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To understand the pathology of peri-apical infection and causes of endodontic treatment failures despite reasonably good endodontic treatment, an experimental animal study was undertaken. The results showed that depending on the virulence of microorganism involved, they can get past the apical foramen into the peri-apical tissues and not only survive there but can also reproduce. This can lead to failure of endodontic treatment, since now the infection is beyond the apical foramen and not amenable to debridement and disinfection procedures confined within the root canal space.

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The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of various root canal irrigants on the adaptation of root canal sealer to the dentinal wall of the prepared root canal system. Irrigants being evaluated were EDTA, Citric acid, NaOCl, H₂O₂, GDA, EDTA with NaOCl, Citric acid with H₂O₂ and H₂O₂ with NaOCl. ZnOE paste was used as a root canal filling agent. Normal saline was used as (control). Each sample was examined at cervical, middle and apical third areas of root canal under SEM. The result showed that irrigation with 10 ml of 15% EDTA for 5 minutes followed by 10 ml of 5.25% of NaOCl solutioin was the most effective.

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The three dimensional obturation of root canal system is the key factor for successful endodontic therapy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the obturation of main canal using various obturation techniques : cold lateral, warm lateral and warm vertical condensation. Freshly extracted anterior teeth with a single patent canal were selected and prepared. They were divided into two groups - (1) Control (2) Experimental. Group 2 was subdivided into three according to the obturation technique used. Teeth were obturated using gutta percha and zinc oxide eugenol sealer, horizontally sectioned and prepared for Scanning Electron Microscopic evaluation. Warm lateral condensation showed the best results in the apical one-third area, where no gap was observed.The gap in the coronal one third segment was minimum using vertical condensation technique.

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The antimicrobial activity of four irrigante, namely sodium hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) and chlorhexidine were evaluated against commonly isolated aerobic and anaerobic organisms from root canal infections. The purpose of this study was to determine the irrigant which has the most effective antimicrobial activity. The agar diffusion test was used to evaluate the inhibitory activity of the irrigants against six species of aerobic bacteria, one anaerobic bacteria and two yeasts which are commonly found in infected root canals. The zones of inhibition around each irrigant was recorded and compared. Sterile physiological saline served as the control. The results indicated that 0.2% chlorhexidine and 3% H₂O₂ were superior in antimicrobial activity against all the micro organisms tested except the yeasts, where 15% EDTA was found more effective.

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The objective of this study was to compare tissue reactions induced by potential retrograde filling materials. The materials used were amalgam, glass ionomer, IRM, composite resin and gold foil. One hundred and eight wistar rats were divided into five experimental and one control group. After anaesthesia, maxillary right incisor was extracted from each animal. Pellets of test materials of equal weight were implanted within the extraction socket.The animals were sacrificed at 4 and 12 weeks; the maxilla was dissected out and processed histologically. The tissue reaction was graded as none to severe. There was statistically significant difference in the mean inflammatory cell counts among all the groups at all study periods. The degree of inflammation gradually decreased with time. This study indicated that gold foil was the most biocompatible material followed by IRM, composite resin, amalgam and glass ionomer.

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