Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the Calcium loss and its effect on Microhardness of the root canal dentin following treatment with aqueous solution of 17% Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid at different time intervals. Study Design: Twenty extracted human canine teeth were bisected longitudinally and root halves were embedded individually in rings with polyester resin. Samples were randomly divided into 7 groups based on different time intervals. Each group was immersed in the test solutions for different time intervals, after which the same samples were subjected for the evaluation of amount of Ca²+ release into the solution by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Then the samples were evaluated for the microhardness testing. Results: The results were statistically analyzed (p<0.05) showing the time dependant effect of 17% EDTA in both calcium loss as well as microhardness reduction in comparison with saline (control group) Conclusion: Root canal irrigation with 17 % EDTA solution is time dependant, increased irrigation time leads to structural changes, as evidenced by reduction of dentin microhardness.

OBJECTIVES - The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the apical sealing ability of Epiphany, Endorez and Guttaflow resin based sealers to dentin using dye penetration method. STUDY DESIGN - Seventy five freshly extracted single rooted human teeth were collected, stored and disinfected. The crowns of the teeth were sectioned at the cementoenamel junction using a water-cooled diamond disc, and then instrumented using crown-down technique with ProTaper Ni Ti rotary files. The teeth were randomly divided into five groups of fifteen teeth each, two control groups and three experimental groups: IN EXPERIMENTAL GROUPS - Positive control: 15 teeth were instrumented but not obturated. Negative control: 15 teeth were obturated and sealed completely using 2 layers of nail varnish externally. After drying the canals with absorbent points, the roots were obturated as follows: Group I: Resilon master cone coated with Epiphany sealer was placed in the canals and obturated using lateral condensation technique. It was light cured for an immediate coronal seal. Group II: Gutta percha master cone coated with Endorez sealer was placed into the canals and obturated using lateral condensation technique. Group III: Gutta percha master cone coated with Guttaflow sealer was placed in to the root canals and obturated using lateral condensation technique. Excess gutta percha was then removed with a heated endodontic plugger and coronal restoration was done using high strength Glass Ionomer Cement. All the experimental and control teeth were stored at 37 °C and 100 % humidity for 48 hours to allow time for the sealer to set. Specimens were immersed in 2% methylene blue dye for 7 days. The apical leakage was assessed through dye penetration observed under a stereomicroscope. The results were subjected to statistical analysis. RESULTS - Results were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD multiple variance test. The results showed statistically significant differences in apical leakage among the three groups tested. Epiphany showed a statistically significant lesser leakage when compared to Endorez and Guttaflow. Guttaflow showed a significantly higher leakage among all the three groups tested.

Aim: The objective of the study was to determine efficacy of 4 different techniques to obturate the root canal prepared to a constant taper of 0.06. Materials & methods: 40 extracted human maxillary central incisors were prepared using K3 Ni-Ti rotary system to a constant taper of 0.06 upto size 40 & were obturated with 4 different techniques. Teeth were horizontally sectioned at 2 & 4mm from apical foramen, analyzed & cross sectional area of canal & PGFA was calculated. Results: Obtura II group showed significantly higher (p<0.05) PGFA followed by Thermafil compared to other groups. CWC demonstrated significantly higher PGFA compared to Single cone at 4mm only. Cold lateral condensation showed least PGFA. Conclusion: Quality of fillings is compromised in irregularly shaped canals. Thermoplasticized gutta-percha techniques could be the material of choice to achieve a 3-dimensionsal obturation.

Aims and Objectives: To effectively clean the root canal system a disinfecting agent must penetrate difficult to reach areas and kill the microorganisms with minimal damage to the host tissues. The purpose of this in-vivo investigation was to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of irrigating solutions 2.5% Sodium Hypochlorite and BioPure MTAD in infected root canals following single visit endodontic procedure. Materials and Methods: Twenty single canal anterior and premolar teeth that had pulpal or periapical pathology were randomly divided in to two groups (n = 10). Group I cases were irrigated with 2.5% Sodium Hypochlorite only during biomechanical preparation, Group II cases were initially irrigated with 0.9% saline during the complete biomechanical preparation, 5 minute final irrigation was done with BioPure MTAD. Microbiological samples for culture were taken immediately after accessing the canal and following irrigation with test solutions. Conclusion: The results of this study conclude that the use of 2.5% Sodium Hypochlorite resulted in significantly greater reduction of anaerobic organisms when compared to BioPure MTAD.

Background and objective: This study was done to compare the effects on the apical seal when a flame-heated endodontic plugger, a NiTi rotary instrument and peeso reamers were used to prepare post-space in a root canal previously obturated with gutta-percha and sealer. Method: 55 extracted anterior teeth were used. Biomechanical preparation was done using step-back technique. Obturation was done using lateral condensation technique. The samples were divided into following groups of post-space preparation techniques. Amalgam was condensed into all experimental post space preparations. The roots were covered with sticky wax and nail polish leaving only the apical foramen then were placed in containers of India ink, and then washed in tap water. The roots were decalcified, dehydrated and then cleared. The extent of ink penetration was measured with a stereomicroscope. Statistical analysis was performed. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in linear apical dye leakage between the three experimental groups. Interpretation and conclusion: In this study rotary instruments showed lowest mean leakage but the difference was not statistically significant.

Objectives: To evaluate the antibacterial efficiency of MTAD, 2.5%NaOCl and 2%Chlorhexidine when used as root canal irrigants against enterococcus faecalis. Materials and methods: 70 extracted human mandibular single rooted premolar teeth were selected and the teeth were decoronated. An innoculum of 10μlit of 24hrs pure culture suspension of enterococcus faecalis was inserted into root canals of all the teeth. After incubation for 48hrs at 37°c of temperature all the teeth were randomly divided into 7 groups of 10 teeth in each group. The teeth were instrumented in step back technique and canals were enlarged till size 40. During the process of instrumentation respective root canal irrigants were used as per the groups. In Group A- only MTAD was used, Group B-only 2.5%NaOCl was used, Group C-MTAD followed by the use of 2.5%NaOCl, Group D-2.5%NaOCl followed by the use of MTAD, Group E-MTAD followed by the use of 2%Chlorhexidine,Group F-2.5%NaOCl followed by 2%Chlorhexidine, Group G-only saline was used. Results were statistically analysed using One way ANOVA and LSD Post Hoc test. Results: There was a statistically significant difference in the antibacterial efficiency between all the groups except between group A with group E and group F. Conclusion: Group C where MTAD was used as initial rinse followed by the use of 2.5%NaOCl as final rinse as root canal irrigants showed the maximum antibacterial efficiency against enterococcus faecalis followed by Group D, Group A, Group E, Group F, Group B, Group G.

Anterior crown fractures are a common form of injury that mainly affects children and adolescents due to their position in the oral cavity especially in the maxillary arch. Traumatic injuries of teeth involve varying degrees of damage to the supporting soft tissues or the teeth itself. Over time numerous techniques and materials have evolved for the reconstruction of injured teeth: resin crowns, steel crowns, orthodontic bands, ceramic crowns and resin composite restorations with and without pins. With the advent of adhesive dentistry the process of fragment reattachment has become simplified and more reliable. In this case series, innovative techniques of fracture reattachment depending on the complexity of the case have been discussed.

This case report presents a rare root canal system in a mandibular second molar tooth, a single root with a single canal. C-shaped canals with varying configuration is commonly observed in single rooted mandibular second molars.These access cavities displayed only one round /oval canal orifice which is very rare. A clinican thus requires to have adequate knowledge about root morphology and its variation.

This “in vitro model” containing extracted teeth was fabricated to simulate the oral conditions and to be used for teaching and training endodontic procedure to dental students in pre-clinics and dental surgeons in continuing dental education courses. Maxillary and mandibular models were made (from moulds using Agar duplicating material) from acrylic, plaster of paris (POP), saw dust and alginate. Extracted teeth provided similar anatomy and properties of tooth for training during access opening and biomechanical preparation. Mixture of POP and saw dust stabilized the teeth during exercise work, it also simulated the radiographic density of bone very closely and alginate, an electro-conductive material completed the electrical circuit simulating periodontal ligament needed for use of apex locators. This indigenous model can be very beneficial for the learners of endodontic techniques.

This article presents a case report of radicular cyst associated with maxillary anterior teeth with accompanying labial expansion. Cystic sac was removed surgically under local anesthesia under an operating microscope. This article will also discuss the pros and cons of using endodontic microscope.