Aim The aim of this was study to evaluate the quality of root filling achieved using five different techniques. Materials and Method Fifty extracted human teeth single root canals were prepared using hand Pro taper files and a crown -down instrumentation techniques. Five different obturation techniques were used. The time taken to obturate the canals and the extrusion of sealer or gutta - percha was measured. The radiographic quality of obturation was determined for each canal using a 4-point scale. Micro-leakage was assessed using a dye-+extraction method. Results For the time taken by obturation technique a significant difference was recorded between the groups (p<0.00001) together with a significant difference amongst the radiographic scores for the various filling techniques used (p<0.001) the control group of specimens obturated with cold lateral condensation but no sealer showed the most voids within the root filling. Specimens obturated using a single cone of greater/variable taper produced a better radiographic quality of root filing particularly in the apical 4mm. For dye evaluation a significant difference between groups was recorded (p.0.0001) Conclusions The use of a sealer with gutta percha reduced the amount of micro - leakage obtained. The cold lateral condensation technique was time consuming but produced a good radiographic result and resistance to micro - leakage. Specimens obtuared with Epiphany demonstrated the highest dye uptake. Specimens obturated with thermoplasticized gutta-percha demonstrated no micro - leakage, had a satisfactory radiographic result and a reduction in the time for obturation compared with the use of cold lateral condensation /sealer.

The aim of our study was to compare the antimicrobial efficacy of degradation product obtained from the 1.3% Sodium hypochlorite oxidized MTAD with original Biopure MTAD on E. faecalis by zone of inhibition and direct exposure test. One hundred micro liters of E.faecalis was spread on Mueller-Hinton agar (MHA) with sheep blood in a sterile glass plate. Twenty micro liters of sterile saline, Biopure MTAD and degradation product were added onto the filter papers and the plates were incubated overnight at 37°c for 24 h. The zones of inhibition were measured. 1x108colony forming units of E.faecalis were exposed to the test solution in direct exposure test. Larger zone of inhibition was observed with MTAD compared to degradation product. Exposure of E.faecalis to undiluted MTAD resulted in complete elimination of the bacteria.

The purpose of this study was to compare the shaping effects of three nickel-titanium rotary instruments: Profile, RaCe and ProTaper with emphasis on canal transportation and centering ratio. Curved root canals ranging from 20 – 40 degree curvature were prepared with a torque-control, low speed engine. Canals were prepared using the crown-down technique to the size of #30. Image analysis was done at five levels to assess the transportation and centering ratio from the pre- and postinstrumented scan images under computed tomography. Software program was used to determine the volume of the pre-and postinstrumented canals. RaCe rotary instruments showed less transportation and better centering ratio. The results suggest that Profile, RaCe and ProTaper rotary instruments are comparable to each other in regard to transportation and centering ratio. ProTaper removed more dentin volumes and may be more effective in shaping narrow canals than wider, immature ones.

The etiology of pulpal diseases is numerous but the commonest being caries caused by microorganisms. The flora of the pulp and periradicular lesion is polymicrobial consisting of aerobic, anaerobic bacteria, fungi⁴ and virus. The aim of this study was to detect the presence or absence of Herpes Simplex Virus-1 (HSV-1), Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and Epstein Barr virus (EBV) in an infected pulp of a tooth with irreversible pulpitis and clinically healthy gingiva. This study was done using a Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) to find if virus may be one of the causative organisms in the infected pulp and its association with periapical lesion

Objective- To evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of two different formulations of propolis extract (30% Propolis in DMSO and 30% Propolis in Ethyl Alcohol) when used as an irrigant in the root canal system against Enterococcus faecalis and compare it with 3.0% Sodium hypochlorite and 0.2% Chlorhexidine gluconate. Materials and method- 75 extracted single rooted human teeth were instrumented upto size 40.After removal of the smear layer, an inoculum of E.faecalis was inserted into the root canals. After incubation the inoculum was removed and the root canals were divided into five groups and irrigated with one of the following irrigants: 3.0% Sodium hypochlorite and 0.2% Chlorhexidine gluconate, 30% Propolis in DMSO and 30% Propolis in Ethyl Alcohol and saline (n==15). Samples were collected from the root canals. Ten samples from each group were subjected to turbidity check and five for counting colony forming units. Results were statistically analysed using chi-square test and kruskal wallis test. Results- There was a statistically significant difference in the antibacterial action of 30% propolis in DMSO and 30% propolis in ethyl alcohol when compared to 3% sodium hypochlorite and 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate with respect to broth turbidity test however, no statistical significant difference was found among all the groups in cfu count test. Conclusion- Both the formulations of Propolis- 30% Propolis in DMSO and 30% Propolis in Ethyl Alcohol were not very effective against Enterococcus faecalis.0.2% Chlorhexidine Gluconate and 3.0% Sodium Hypochlorite showed the best and equivalent anti-microbial activity against Enterococcus faecalis.

Fully injectable calcium phosphate cement (FI-CPC) is a new generation of bone substitute with potential applications in dentistry. They have excellent biocompatibility, osteoconductivity, isothermal setting, negligible shrinkage, mouldability, injectability, cohesive nature and show good in vivo resorption. Various bone graft materials have been used to repair periapical bone defects so as to serve as a mechanical substructure that support the overlying soft tissue and to serve as a biologic component that enhances bone formation. This case report describes the treatment of a large periapical lesion associated with tooth 22 which was treated with root canal treatment followed by periapical surgery and placement of FI-CPC graft material. At the one year follow up, the material showed complete in vivo resorption and reduction in the radiolucency with bone formation from periphery towards the center. This proves, addition of FI-CPC improves the clinical outcome in the repair of large periapical lesions following endodontic surgery.

Beyond the visual perception is the often complex root canal system. The clinician must use every available means to determine the anatomic configuration before commencing root canal therapy. Care must be taken to provide the best treatment for the success of therapy. This case report describes the diagnosis and successful management of a case with very unusual morphological variation of maxillary first premolar with three roots, three canals and three orifices.

This Case report is a unique case of maxillary central incisor with single cone obturation treated ten years back The teeth in question were asymptomatic. There was a complete retrieval of single cone gutta-percha from the teeth in question which have been rarely reported in the literature so far.