Since many years, antibiotics in different forms have got definite application in the fields of Medicine and Dentistry to heal various superficial and deepseated body and dental and oral infections. Nevertheless, lack of sound scientific knowledge regarding judicious application of antibiotics, tradition, mentality or common trend of prescribing antibiotics for each and every patient with endodontic involvement, especially without emphasizing the need for an endodontic treatment planning, too often culminate into untoward consequences and many failures. This in turn, raises dubiety in the psyche of a patient regarding the professional skill of a surgeon, with often loss of faith in the profession as well. Being an Endodontist or even a Dental Surgeon, it is imperative that one must stress the importance of appropriate endodontic intervention in all the involved cases, with oral antibiotic administration used only as an adjunct. Moreover, one must be aware of all the pros and cons of antibiotic therapy and of course, the very fact that whether they are needed or not in a particular case in the first place. In this article, two cases have been reported where injudicious and irrational use of antibiotics did not yield any positive result; instead added further woes to the patients' agony. Eventually, with careful Endodontic intervention, it became possible to not only provide prompt and permanent pain relief to the patients but also salvage the natural teeth while bringing back the smile and the lost faith of the patients towards the profession.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the canal anatomy and the presence of isthmus in mandibular incisors encountered during routine endodontic treatment and apical surgery. Fifty randomly selected extracted mandibular incisors were examined to assess root canal anatomy and presence of the isthmus. A combination method of radiography (mesiodistal and buccolingual views) and sectioning of apical 3mm (1, 2 and 3mm from the apex ) simulating a surgical resection method was followed. Radiographic study showed that 98% (49 teeth) had single portal of exit. One tooth had double portal of exit. Sectioning study showed that canal shapes varied from round to oval, long oval and ribbon shaped. Surgical microscopy and ultrasonic root end preparation enables the clinician to have better visualization for root end resection. Greater knowledge of canal anatomy in the apical 3^rd of the root will help clinicians in better preparation and sealing the root canal system in this critical area.

Discolored non-vital teeth in anterior region can result in considerable cosmetic impairment. Bleaching is a conservative alternative in comparison to other invasive treatment procedures. In order to overcome limitations in non-vital bleaching, an effective barrier is mandatory. This study was undertaken to determine the efficacy of glass-ionomer cement as a barrier in varying thickness. Forty human central incisors were selected for the study and were divided into three groups with GIC thickness of 2mm, 4mm, 6mm. Bleaching material was placed in access cavity over the barrier. The teeth were immersed in alcian blue dye. Dye leakage was observed under stereomicroscope. It was seen that 2mm of GIC had more leakage than 4mm & 6mm GIC. Therefore, a minimum of 4mm of GIC barrier is required when 30% hydrogen peroxide is used as a non-vital bleaching agent.

In this paper, a case of Dentin Dysplasia, a rarely reported disorder is presented. The case presented as excessively mobile teeth which appeared radiographically as rootless teeth, atop the alveolar bone.

Healing following apical surgeries depend t a large extent on the soft tissue flap design. Different flap designs have been advocated and used, depending on the location and size of the peri-radicular lesion. A new flap design, which used sub-marginal straight incision was compared with intra-sulcular rectangular/triangular flap and scalloped, sub-marginal flap. Post - Operative healing was compared for swelling, alternation of colour, recession of marginal gingival and extent of scarring. It was found that sub-marginal straight horizontal incision showed better healing with lesser scarring. It is concluded that the new flap design can provide an alternative.